Acid Rain: Its Effects on Aquatic Environments :: Geology

back breaker come down Its Effects on Aquatic EnvironmentsWhat is Acid Rain?Acid pelting down is rain, snow or obliterate that is pollute by unpleasant in the automatic teller and damages the environment. Two car park air pollutants cuttingify rain sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide ( dark). When these substances be released into the atmosphere they are transformed into sulphuric acerb (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) and gage be carried over retentive distances by prevailing winds and return to dry land as acidic rain, snow, fog or dust. When the environment give the axe non neutralize the acid being deposited, damage occurs.Causes of SO2 and NOx * Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is generally a by-product of industrial processes and burning of fogey fuels. Ore smelting, coal-fired power generators, and natural gas bear on are the main(prenominal) contributors. * The main source of NOx emissions is the combustion of fuels in motor vehicles, residential and commercia l-grade furnaces, industrial and electrical-utility boilers and engines, and opposite equipment .Acidification of Fresh water supply widely distributed InfoFreshwater acidification is not an entirely new problem. First conjugated to the decline of salmon and other fish stocks in Norwegian rivers nearly sixty years ago, freshwater acidification was later identified as a problem in Scandinavia during the 1970s. Since then, thousands of rivers and lakes sop up been proven acidified.Areas most susceptible to acidification are those with an unreactive catchment such(prenominal) as granite and a base, nutrient-deficient spot. Areas of high acidification incidence embarrass the United States, Canada, Scotland, Central Europe, and Scandinavia. each lake below pH7.0 is, by strict definition, an acid lake, but it is generally argued that acid waters are those below pH5.0 where sulfate c oncentrations exceed those of carbonate or the sum of calcium and magnesium content. bear onAc id rain enters water by two routes directly and by dint of the catchment. The vast majority enters by the catchment while a relatively refined percentage enters directly. Acid water passes easily to the lake through catchment consisting of shallow soil cover and alkaline-deficient bedrock such as granite, which does not guide the carbonates requisite to neutralize the acid.In areas where a continual supply of base cations is not assured then the lingering depleting of the bicarbonate in the lake means that the once stable pH exit drop rapidly resulting in an acidified lake. Acidification can also occur in surges after snowmelt or drought the firstly 30% of snowmelt can contain 50 - 80% of the total acids in the snow.Acid Rain Its Effects on Aquatic Environments GeologyAcid Rain Its Effects on Aquatic EnvironmentsWhat is Acid Rain?Acid rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. Two common air pollutants acidify rain su lfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). When these substances are released into the atmosphere they are transformed into sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) and can be carried over long distances by prevailing winds and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, fog or dust. When the environment cannot neutralize the acid being deposited, damage occurs.Causes of SO2 and NOx * Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is generally a byproduct of industrial processes and burning of fossil fuels. Ore smelting, coal-fired power generators, and natural gas processing are the main contributors. * The main source of NOx emissions is the combustion of fuels in motor vehicles, residential and commercial furnaces, industrial and electrical-utility boilers and engines, and other equipment .Acidification of FreshwaterGeneral InfoFreshwater acidification is not an entirely new problem. First linked to the decline of salmon and other fish stocks in Norwegian rivers some sixty years ago, freshwater acidification was later identified as a problem in Scandinavia during the 1970s. Since then, thousands of rivers and lakes have been proven acidified.Areas most susceptible to acidification are those with an unreactive catchment such as granite and a base, nutrient-deficient soil. Areas of high acidification incidence include the United States, Canada, Scotland, Central Europe, and Scandinavia.Any lake below pH7.0 is, by strict definition, an acid lake, but it is generally argued that acid waters are those below pH5.0 where sulfate concentrations exceed those of carbonate or the sum of calcium and magnesium content.ProcessAcid rain enters water by two routes directly and through the catchment. The vast majority enters through the catchment while a relatively small percentage enters directly. Acid water passes easily to the lake through catchment consisting of shallow soil cover and alkaline-deficient bedrock such as granite, which does not contain the carbonates necessary to neutra lize the acid.In areas where a continual supply of base cations is not assured then the gradual depleting of the bicarbonate in the lake means that the once stable pH will drop rapidly resulting in an acidified lake. Acidification can also occur in surges after snowmelt or drought the first 30% of snowmelt can contain 50 - 80% of the total acids in the snow.