Age of the Universe Essay

The age of the universe is tell to be ab protrude 13.75 one million million years old. The method employd in determining this age would be attempting to find the age of chemical substance elements, oldest star clusters, as rise up as white dwarf stars. Scientists also try to find the universes reckon of expansion, and behavior of globular clusters, which are spherical collection of stars. In order to find this, scientists can use radioactive decay to determine how old a given mixture of atoms is in rock samples. In order to find the rate of expansion of the universe, The Hubble constant was the basic cosmological model dependent on density and composition of the universe. near formulas apply by The Hubble Constant is that the flat coat is composed of primary occasion and the age of the universe is 2/3(Ho) with Ho being The Hubble constant (1). An other formula is that the earth is said to exact very little matter and the age of the universe is 1/ Ho, which is forthwith co nsidered to be more than accurate (1).The age of the earth is approximately 4.54 trillion years old, just about 9.21 years after the universe was formed. The main theory of how the earth was formed is the Big Bang Theory, or a star explosion. Some also c tout ensemble is a supernova. This happens in the universe when the wreckage from an explosion crashed into a cloud of gas, bringing in the ingredients for our solar g all overning body. The formation of our sun came maiden from the collapse of a solar nebula. After about x to twenty million years after this collapse, dust and so clustered to grains, to lumps, to boulders, to planetesimas. Soon it became chunks of rock cosmic enough to deem their own gravitational field. So, well-nigh plantesimals became the embryonic form of planets in our solar system today. As more asteroids and other planets collided with planet earth, crust began to cool and water began to form and collect on the surface.ReferencesAge of the Earth . (2 007, July 9). USGS. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.htmlAge of the Universe . (2012, December 27). The Age of the Elements . Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//www.astro.ucla.edu/wright/age.htmlHow did the Earth form? The Planets and our solar System. (2013, January 1). UK2Planets The Planets in our Solar System. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//www.uk2planets.org.uk/how-did-the-earth-form/How old is the Universe?. (2012, December 21). Universe 101 . Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_agLifes Origins untimely earth was not a place for ideal living because it was a fire and hell-like environment. So often so, that scientists even called it Hadean eon, which is an ancient Greek word for down under. It was a place with many volcanoes and about scientists even say there were continental crusts and oceans. Even though it was extremely hot, scientists have found that some bacteria could survive these ext reme conditions. According to Watson, by using zircon crystals, they could tell that too soon earth had a definite wet temperature. The atmosphere consisted of carbon dioxide, water, and volcanic gases. Today, not as many volcanoes exist. No one really knows when demeanor was originated. Asteroids may have hit from time to time, having an effect on intents atmosphere by causing organic molecules to synthesize. ribonucleic stifling and DNA are the genetic sensible for all life, and they are made up of long chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and daystar atoms. An important step in the origin of life is the ability of all living things to reproduce. Starting with RNA being able to self-replicate itself, we then evolve into being able to pass genetic material onto offspring, and then natural selection.Miller and Urey built an apparatus filled with water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, but no oxygen. They hypothesized that this was the mixture of the atmosphere of early earth and boiled and condensed the water to keep it circulating. Miller and Urey kept this going for a week and utilize paper chromatography to be able to show that many amino acids and some other organic molecules were now in the flask. Many other scientists have tested this experiment and found that amino acids, protein molecules, adenine, and other nucleic acid bases were present.Some theories suggest an electric spark could have helped generate these amino acids and sugars in the atmosphere, others suggest the first origins of life could have met on clay. Alexander Graham Cairns- Smith says clay could help the organic compounds go concentrated and organize into patterns similar to genes today. Some scientists theorized that life was brought from somewhere else in space rather than stemma on earth, which is also known as panspermia. In reality, no one is sure of how life began because no one was around to know, but these theories have helped us gain a sense of fascination and acquaintance of how life was originated.References7 Theories on the Origin of Life LiveScience . (n.d.). Science News Science Articles and Current Events LiveScience . Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//www.livescience.com/13363-7-theories-origin-life.html earliest Earth Not So Hellish, New Study Suggests LiveScience . (n.d.). Science News Science Articles and Current Events LiveScience . Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//www.livescience.com/241-early-earth-hellish-study-suggests.htmlHow did life originate?. (n.d.). Understanding Evolution. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/origsoflife_04Miller and Ureys Experiment and Molecules of life. (n.d.). Anthropological Study of Workers, Occupational Health, habitual Health, Textile Workers. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//anthropologicalstudy.blogspot.com/2011/03/miller-and-ureys-experiment-and.htmlThe Origin of Life. (n.d.). RCN D.C. Metro High-Speed Internet, DigitalCable TV & Phone Service Provider. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AbioticSynthesis.htmlAncient LifeRadiometric dating is used to date materials based on comparison between the detect abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay rate (1). Some different types are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating, and uranium-lead dating. They provide important information about fossil ages and the rate of evolutionary changes. Radiocarbon dating is used to estimate the remains of materials with carbon as of 58000 to 62000 years past (2). Potassium-argon dating is used to measure the harvesting of radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium into argon. This method works for calculating the age of samples a little over a few thousand years. Uranium-lead dating on the other hand, can estimate the age move of a sample from about 1 million to 4.5 billion years ago (3). This method has both separate decay chains, uranium series, and actinium series, occurring by a series of alpha decays. It is important to have different types of radiometric dating because the earth has been around for quite some time and a lot of changes has happened in each era, epoch, and eons.There was not as much oxygen dependency in earths early atmosphere as there is today. The result of oxygen presence is mainly because of volcanic act as well as oxygen producing organisms like cyanobacteria, in the oceans of early earth. Cyanobacteria as well as blue-green algae produced their energy anaerobically, releasing oxygen and taking in carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen. type O gained a permanent presence in earths atmosphere 2.45 billion years ago for the aerobic organisms that inhabited.When the plates of earths crust shift, along with their liquid layers below, this is called plate tectonics. This results in how our continent and pull down mass appears throughout time. Kenorl and, one of the first supercontinents of early earth broke up about 2.6 billion years ago. Another supercontinent called capital of South Carolina then formed about 1.8 years ago, and after that Rodinia formed from Columbias remains, that broke 550 million years ago. The breaking of these supercontinents caused the earth to have freezing temperatures. Oceans broke out and then Pangea formed and split into two supercontinents called Laurasia and Gondwana. Laurasia consists of what is now North America, Asia, Europe, and Gondwana of South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia. These continents in time stretch out and broke to form what we have today.Mass extinctions are when a species has become wiped out. There have been about five mass extinctions that have occurred so far. The first that occurred was during the Paleozoic era which was the end of the Ordovician. Scientist found that 60% of terrestrial and marine lives had disappeared out of nowhere. The next mass extin ction was the late Devonian. The environment no semipermanent provided enough for the survival of these organisms. The third mass extinction was the end of the Permian during the Mesozoic era, where scientist found that 85.5% of all marine species became extinct. The Triassic extinction is the fourth one that happened in the Mesozoic era. Marine invertebrates population decreased by 50%. The last mass extinction caused the dinosaurs, as well as plants and other tropical marine life to die out during the Cenozoic era. Global temperature and oceans caused flooding for 40% of all continents.One theory is that because of the quick change of CO2 in the atmosphere, mass extinction occurred. While CO2 in the atmosphere changed, surface layers in the deep oceans began to sink. CO2 increased too rapidly for creatures to change in time. Some theories suggest an asteroid caused some mass extinction, contact the earth. The asteroid might have blocked the suns rays or cause the earths temper ature to rise too high. Periods of terrific speciation happens because of mutations. Mutations come from ionizing radiation and other factors. Species that do survive, mutate and cause this speciation. Some researchers say that Earth is hitting the sixth mass extinction because many species are endangered and decreasing population. Researchers also found that major mammals have become more and more rare that they could be extinct in about 30 years. These endangered species, researchers found, may be the result of human activities like habitat destruction and hunting. So, we are fundamentally in a sixth mass extinction, because human play the main cause.ReferencesBiello, D. (2009, August). The Origin of Oxygen in Earths Atmosphere. Scientific American. Retrieved from http//www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=origin-of-oxygen-in-atmospherePlastino, W. Kaihola, L. Bartolomei, P. Bella, F. (2001). Cosmic Background Reduction In The Radiocarbon Measurement By Scintillation Spectr ometry At The Underground Laboratory Of Gran Sasso. Radiocarbon 43 (2A) 157161.Parrish, Randall R. Noble, Stephen R., 2003. Zircon U-Th-Pb Geochronology by Isotope Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ID-TIMS). In Zircon (eds. J. Hanchar and P. Hoskin). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America. 183-213.Wilkins, A. (2011, January). A report of Supercontinents on Planet Earth. io9. Retrieved from http//io9.com/5744636/a-geological-history-of-supercontinents-on-planet-earth